3^rd Global Summit on Physiology and Metabolism of Thyroid September 09-10, 2024 Paris, France

These hormones control the rate at which the body converts food into energy, influencing basal metabolic rate, body temperature, and overall energy expenditure. Proper thyroid function ensures balanced metabolism, affecting processes like heart rate, digestion brain development. Disruptions in thyroid activity can lead to metabolic disorders such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, impacting overall health and energy levels.

This overproduction accelerates the body's metabolism, leading to symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, increased appetite, sweating. Common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, excessive iodine intake. Treatment options typically include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, and sometimes surgery to reduce thyroid hormone levels.

A thyroidectomy is an operation that involves the surgical junking of all part of the thyroid gland. In entire surgery, endocrine or head and neck surgeons constantly perform a thyroidectomy when a case has thyroid cancer or specific other situation of the thyroid gland or goiter.

Hemithyroidectomy: This includes removing one lobe (or half) of the thyroid.

Isthmusectomy: This surgery will eliminate the island, which is a portion of towel that links the two lobes of the thyroid.

Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the thyroid gland, located at the base of the neck. This may due to abnormal growth of cells. There are several types of thyroid cancer, including papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Common symptoms include a lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing.

Thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) Produced by the thyroid gland control metabolism, energy production, and the function of many vital organs. They influence heart rate, body temperature. Adequate levels of thyroid hormones are essential for normal growth and development, particularly in children. Imbalances can lead to health issues such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid health plays a significant role in reproductive health for both men and women. Thyroid hormones influence menstrual cycle regulation, fertility in women. Imbalances, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, can lead to irregular menstrual cycles. In men, thyroid dysfunction can affect sperm production and quality, potentially leading to fertility issues.

Thyroid surgery, also known as thyroidectomy, involves the partial or total removal of the thyroid gland. It is typically performed to treat conditions such as thyroid cancer, large goiters, or hyperthyroidism. Postsurgical care is crucial for recovery and includes monitoring for complications like bleeding, infection, and hypocalcaemia due to accidental removal of or damage to the parathyroid glands. 

Thyroid imaging techniques are diagnostic tools used to evaluate the structure and function of the thyroid gland. These techniques help in diagnosing thyroid disorders, guiding treatments, and monitoring disease progression.

Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to create images of the thyroid, commonly used to detect nodules and cysts.

CT (Computed Tomography) Scan: Provides detailed cross-sectional images, useful in assessing the extent of large goiters or thyroid cancer.

(CAM) is defined as medical preparation, practice or product which is usually believed as typical care. Standard medical care is built on scientific proof that the treatment is effective and safe, or has adequate risks. For instance papillary and follicular thyroid cancer requires surgery radioactive iodine and thyroid hormone suppression therapy. Routine care for different diseases will depend upon its specific condition.

Antibodies are proteins made by the vulnerable to battle foreign substances like contagions and bacteria cases antibodies attack the body's own cells, apkins, and organs by mistake. This is well known as auto immune system. After the attack of antibodies on healthy thyroid cells, it can lead to an autoimmune complaint of the thyroid. These diseases may create serious health issues if not treated duly.

• Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO)
• Thyroglobulin Antibodies (Tg)
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) receptor.

Hypothyroidism symptoms occur due to an underactive thyroid gland, which produces insufficient thyroid hormones. This condition slows down the body's metabolism and can cause a variety of symptoms. Common symptoms include:

• Weight Gain: Unexplained increase in weight despite normal diet and exercise.
• Dry Skin and Hair: Skin becomes dry, and hair may become brittle or thin.
• Constipation: Reduced bowel movement frequency.

Antithyroid drugs are medications used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the production of thyroid hormones. Commonly prescribed antithyroid drugs include methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU). These medications work by inhibiting the thyroid gland's ability to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

Iodine insufficiency is the main reason of goiters. Iodine is pivotal to helping your thyroid produce thyroid hormones. When you do not have acceptable iodine, the thyroid works extra hard to make thyroid hormone, initiating the gland to grow more common reason of goiters worldwide is a insufficiency of iodine in the diet.

The main symptoms of goiter include

• A bulge in the front of the neck, just beneath the Adam's apple.
• A feeling of stiffness in the throat area.

Micronutrients, substantially iodine and selenium, are needed for thyroid hormone conflation and function. Iodine plays a major element and its lack is considered as utmost common cause of preventable brain injury in the world.

• Subacute thyroiditis
• Acute thyroiditis
• Medicine convinced thyroiditis

The thyroid gland uses iodine from food to make two thyroid hormones. These hormones play an important part in the regulation of metabolism, including energy expenditure, thermogenesis, and protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism.

• Normal T4 position in grownups ranges from5.0 to12.0 μg/ dL.
• Normal T3 position in grownups ranges from 80220 ng/ dL.

Genetic Discoveries: Identification of genetic mutations linked to thyroid cancers and other thyroid disorders, aiding in early detection and personalized treatments.

 Molecular Imaging: Enhanced imaging techniques, such as PET scans with novel tracers, improving the accuracy of thyroid cancer diagnosis and monitoring.

 Targeted Therapies: Development of drugs that specifically target cancerous thyroid cells, offering more effective and less toxic treatment options.

Innovative diagnostics refer to cutting-edge techniques and technologies developed to enhance the accuracy, speed, and effectiveness of disease detection and monitoring. These advancements include the use of molecular biology, imaging technology, and artificial intelligence to identify diseases at earlier stages, personalize treatment plans, and improve patient outcomes.